Express + MongoDB Atlas + Vercel 部署後端 API

const app = express()
const port = 3000

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  res.send('Hello World!')
})

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`)
})

package.json 中的 scripts 加上 start, server

"scripts": {
  "start": "node ./src/index.js",
  "server": "nodemon ./src/index.js",
  "test": "echo \"Error: no test specified\" && exit 1"
},

連接 MongoDB Atlas

創建 Cluster

註冊MongoDB Atlas帳號，新建 Project > Cluster (可以選M0 / Google Cloud / Taiwan)

建好後點 Connect

Driver 選 Mongoose，然後複製第三步的 connection string

Express 連接資料庫

安裝 mongoose

npm install mongoose

新增 .env

MONGODB_URI="mongodb+srv://root:<db_password>@<cluster_name>.homtu.mongodb.net/?retryWrites=true&w=majority&appName=<cluster_name>"
PORT="3000"

connections/index.js

const mongoose = require('mongoose')
const uri = process.env.MONGODB_URI

const clientOptions = { serverApi: { version: '1', strict: true, deprecationErrors: true } }

const run = async () => {
  try {
    await mongoose.connect(uri, clientOptions)
    await mongoose.connection.db.admin().command({ ping: 1 })
    console.log("Pinged your deployment. You successfully connected to MongoDB!")
  } finally {
    await mongoose.disconnect()
  }
}

module.exports = { run }

index.js

require('dotenv').config()
const express = require('express')
const app = express()
const db = require('./connections')
const port = process.env.PORT || 3000

db.run().catch(console.dir)

app.use(express.json())

app.get('/', (req, res) => {
  res.send('Hello World!')
})

app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Example app listening on port ${port}`)
})

資料的CRUD

在 src 底下新增 routes, models 資料夾

routes 定義 API endpoints，用於處理 client 端的請求並提供響應
models 定義資料結構和資料庫的交互邏輯

models

以 User 為例

// models/User.js
const mongoose = require('mongoose')

const userSchema = new mongoose.Schema({
  name: {
    type: String,
    required: true,
  },
  email: {
    type: String,
    required: true,
    unique: true,
  },
  password: {
    type: String,
    required: true,
  },
}, { timestamps: true })

const User = mongoose.model('User', userSchema)

module.exports = User

註：Mongoose 會根據 model 名稱自動推測 collection 名稱，並將其轉換為小寫複數形式，因此 collection 名稱為 users

routes

還可以把處理邏輯再拆分到 services 中，這邊就不展開了

// routes/user.js
const express = require('express')
const bcrypt = require('bcrypt')
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken')
const User = require('../models/User')
const router = express.Router()

// 註冊新用戶
router.post('/register', async (req, res) => {
  const { name, email, password } = req.body
  try {
    // 檢查是否已有此電子郵件的用戶
    const existingUser = await User.findOne({ email })
    if (existingUser) {
      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Email already exists' })
    }

    // 密碼加密
    const hashedPassword = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)

    // 創建新用戶
    const newUser = new User({
      name,
      email,
      password: hashedPassword,
    })

    await newUser.save()
    res.status(201).json({ message: 'User created successfully' })
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Server error' })
  }
})

// 用戶登入 (生成 JWT)
router.post('/login', async (req, res) => {
  const { email, password } = req.body
  try {
    const user = await User.findOne({ email })
    if (!user) {
      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials' })
    }

    // 密碼比對
    const match = await bcrypt.compare(password, user.password)
    if (!match) {
      return res.status(400).json({ error: 'Invalid credentials' })
    }

    // 生成 JWT
    const token = jwt.sign({ userId: user._id }, process.env.JWT_SECRET, { expiresIn: '1h' })
    res.json({ token })
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Server error' })
  }
})

// 獲取用戶資料
router.get('/:id', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const user = await User.findById(req.params.id)
    if (!user) {
      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' })
    }
    res.json(user)
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Server error' })
  }
})

// 更新用戶資料
router.put('/:id', async (req, res) => {
  const { name, email, password } = req.body
  try {
    const user = await User.findById(req.params.id)
    if (!user) {
      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' })
    }

    // 更新字段
    if (name) user.name = name
    if (email) user.email = email
    if (password) user.password = await bcrypt.hash(password, 10)

    await user.save()
    res.json({ message: 'User updated successfully' })
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Server error' })
  }
})

// 刪除用戶
router.delete('/:id', async (req, res) => {
  try {
    const user = await User.findByIdAndDelete(req.params.id)
    if (!user) {
      return res.status(404).json({ error: 'User not found' })
    }
    res.json({ message: 'User deleted successfully' })
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(500).json({ error: 'Server error' })
  }
})

module.exports = router

在 index.js 中使用路由

// index.js
// ...
app.use(express.json())

const userRoutes = require('./routes/user')
app.use('/api/users', userRoutes)

const port = process.env.PORT || 3000
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${port}`)
})

請求時進行權限驗證

新增 middlewares/auth.js

// middlewares/auth.js
const jwt = require('jsonwebtoken')

const authenticate = (req, res, next) => {
  const token = req.header('Authorization')?.replace('Bearer ', '')
  if (!token) {
    return res.status(401).json({ error: 'Authentication required' })
  }

  try {
    const decoded = jwt.verify(token, process.env.JWT_SECRET)
    req.user = decoded
    next()
  } catch (error) {
    res.status(401).json({ error: 'Invalid token' })
  }
}

module.exports = authenticate

使用 middlewares

// index.js
// ...
const userRoutes = require('./routes/user')
const authenticate = require('./middlewares/auth')

app.use('/api/users', authenticate, userRoutes)
app.use('/api/users/register', userRoutes.register)
app.use('/api/users/login', userRoutes.login)

const port = process.env.PORT || 3000
app.listen(port, () => {
  console.log(`Server is running on port ${port}`)
})

部署 API 到 Vercel

1.新增 vercel.json 到根目錄

{
  "version": 2,
  "builds": [
    {
      "src": "/src/index.js",
      "use": "@vercel/node"
    }
  ],
  "routes": [
    {
      "src": "/(.*)",
      "dest": "/src/index.js"
    }
  ]
}